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Spanish missions in California – Wikipedia From the free encyclopedia This is latest accepted revision reviewed on November Jump to navigation search Historic religious outposts founded by Catholic priests of Franciscan order evangelize Native Americans Part a series onSpanish Americas Church Missions North America Arizona Baja The Carolinas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mexico New Quer taro Sonoran Desert Texas Trinidad Virginia South Chilo Chiquitos C rdoba Itap Nahuel Huapi Mainas Paraguay R o Bueno Related topics Cargo system Mission Indians Reductions Andes Jesuit Catholicism portalvte theSpanish Architecture Revival architecture mission clash cultures vte A view San Juan Capistrano At left fa ade first adobe church with its added espada behind campanario or bell wall Sacred Garden has earned reputation as Loveliest Ruins Missionaries They Came and Went Franciscans donned gray habits contrast brown that typically worn today comprise established between what now U S state Founded led creation Spain province Alta were part expansion Empire into most northern western parts Following long-term secular policy missionaries forced native Californians live settlements called reductions disrupting their traditional way life introduced European fruits vegetables cattle horses ranching technology Significant American population occurred mostly through introduction diseases In end had mixed results objectives convert educate develop transform peoples citizens By Spain’s king been imprisoned French financing for military payroll ceased achieved independence from although did not send governor until only portion was ever reinstated ibid produced hide tallow wool textiles at this time leather products exported Boston Asia trading sustained colonial economy began lose control over land s unpaid men unofficially encroached but officially maintained authority neophytes holdings peak development coastal controlled an area equal approximately one-sixth government secularized after passage Mexican secularization act divided lands grants effect legitimizing completing transfer Indian congregation commanders loyal these became many Ranchos surviving buildings are state’s oldest structures most-visited historic monuments have become symbol appearing movies television shows inspiration cities formed around near including four largest Los Angeles Diego Jose Francisco Contents planning structure culture Coastal chain overview Shelved plans additional chains sites selection layout conscription industries History Early exploration Secret English claims Russian period Secularization Rancho statehood beyond Legacy controversy administration locations districts System Father-Presidentes headquarters Military Present-day Building restoration Structures gallery See also Notes References Sources Further reading Books Articles archives External links edit Prior made directly Crown But given remote inherent difficulties communicating territorial governments power transferred viceroys grant establish Plans laid out under reign King Charles III came least response recent sightings fur traders along coast mid be interconnected overland route which later known Camino Real detailed direction carried Friar Jun pero Serra O F M who his fellow taken group Peninsula previously administered Jesuits Rev Ferm n de Lasu took up Serra’s work nine more others last three compounds five asistencias assistance Work concluded completed death build twenty-second Santa Rosa canceled notes Pedro Est van T pis proposed establishing one Channel Islands Pacific Ocean off Harbor either Catalina Cruz Lim Tongva residents being likely reasoning offshore might attracted potential people living mainland could effective measure restrict smuggling operations Governor Jos Joaqu Arrillaga approved plan following year however outbreak sarampi measles killing some coupled scarcity agriculture potable water success such venture doubt so no effort found island September Mariano Payeras Comisario Prefecto visited Ca ada Ysabel east Alcal entire inland Asistencia mother plan’s expanding never fruition Main article Luis Rey Francia circa architecturally distinctive because strong Moorish lines exhibited addition presidio royal fort pueblo town misi major agencies employed sovereign extend borders consolidate territories Asistencias satellite sub sometimes referred contributing chapels small-scale regularly conducted Mass days obligation lacked resident priest areas high concentrations converts strayed when Nuestra Se ora la Soledad located farthest thirty miles kilometers shore Each frontier station self-supporting existing means supply inadequate maintain colony any size months away nearest base colonized cargo ships day too small carry than few rations holds To sustain padres required converted cultivate crops tend livestock volume needed support fair-sized establishment imported materials together lack skilled laborers compelled employ simple building methods construction drawing Carlos Borromeo Carmelo prepared Captain George Vancouver depicts grounds they appeared Voyage Discovery Round World Although considered temporary ventures hierarchy individual settlement simply matter priestly whim founding followed longstanding rules procedures paperwork involved years correspondence demanded attention virtually every level bureaucracy Once empowered erect assigned it chose specific site featured good plenty wood fires ample fields grazing herds raising blessed aid escort fashioned shelters tree limbs driven stakes roofed thatch reeds ca It huts ultimately gave stone exist present priority beginning location iglesia majority sanctuaries oriented roughly west axis take best advantage sun’s position interior illumination exact alignment depended geographic features particular spot selected marked remainder complex workshops kitchens quarters storerooms other ancillary chambers usually grouped form quadrangle inside celebrations festive events often place cuadr ngulo rarely perfect square surveying instruments disposal measured all dimensions foot Some fanciful accounts regarding claimed tunnels incorporated design used emergency egress event attack historical evidence written physical uncovered assertions An illustration Lu Jayme angry natives uprising dozen similar incidents during Period rebellions tended localized short-lived due Spaniards’ superior weaponry resistance non-cooperation labor return homelands desertion relocation raids reducciones congregations congregaciones colonizers purpose totally assimilating indigenous populations religion doctrine based right persons Indies Papal charge them wherever already concentrated pueblos congregated proper resettlement reduced perceived undisciplined’ ambition converting civilized members society disciplined developed total Friars Minor Spaniards birth ordained served Sixty-seven died posts two martyrs Padres Andr Quintana while returned Europe illness upon ten-year service commitment As Order forbade friars alone each sequestered mission’s convento guard six soldiers command corporal generally acted steward temporal affairs subject priests’ initially gifts food colored beads bits bright cloth trinkets gentile baptized labeled neophyte new believer happened brief initiates instructed basic aspects faith lured join curiosity sincere desire participate engage trade themselves trapped once On hand staffed militias role governance person longer move about country worship strict observance overseers herded daily masses labors If report duties searched if discovered without permission runaways Large-scale expeditions organized round escaped Sometimes allowed escape would allow visit home village However secretly follow Upon arriving capturing back occasion writes Hugo Reid went far del Chino where tied whipped man woman child lodge drove road same those throw bows arrows feet make submission infants then children eight age former mothers latter kept apart communication parents consequence women consented rite received love bore finally males enjoying wife family Marriage performed contaminated race own sight kindred followers Christ attached highest figure recorded rule number rose record era During adult buried Dr Cook estimates decrease caused disease Two epidemics deaths mortality rates constantly dependent conversions Georg von Langsdorff early visitor sketched Coste dancers hair very coarse thick stands powdered down feathers noted Their bodies fantastically painted charcoal dust red clay chalk foremost dancer ornamented gives him monkey-like appearance hindermost whimsical idea painting body imitate uniform soldier boots stockings breeches upper garments Young reside monjer nunnery supervision trusted matron responsibility welfare education Women convent won suitor deemed ready marriage custom courtship side barred window After ceremony moved compound These nunneries necessity felt protected both raz i e Europeans cramped unsanitary conditions girls lived contributed fast spread decline So times urged raid villages December system’s combined baptisms marriages well-guarded keep occupied Bells vitally important bells rung mealtimes call services births funerals signal approach ship returning missionary novices intricate rituals associated ringing routine sunrise morning prayers instruction teachings Roman generous standards breakfast atole able-bodied tasks committed dressmaking knitting weaving embroidering laundering cooking stronger ground flour bricks weighing lb kg engaged worked variety jobs having learned how plow sow irrigate reap thresh glean taught houses tan hides shear sheep weave rugs clothing ropes soap paint useful Ya Viene El Alba Dawn Already Comes typical hymns sung hours interrupted dinner lunch m two-hour siesta ended evening rosary supper social activities About designated civil holidays manual organization resembled slave plantation respects Foreigners remarked excessive necessary white men’s isolation numeric disadvantage paid wages result able profit goods detriment settlers compete economically servants presidios provided el rancho rey pasture source Theoretically supposed within doing farm serving domestics While fiction prevailed receive attempt collect unmitigated compulsion much debate arisen treatment believe responsible perspective efforts well-meaning improve lives heathen by-and-large devoted whose attitudes toward ranged genuine paternalistic affection wrathful disgust ill-equipped nor truly understand radically different customs Using condemned wilderness worshipping false gods God laws standing armies forts churches Catalan forges facilities kind State sign lower right-hand corner proclaims Orange County’s industrial goal above self-sufficient relatively short Farming therefore industry Barley maize wheat among common grown Cereal grains dried Even well abundance varieties fruit trees cultivated throughout region consisted wild berries grew bushes brought seeds earlier continent orange grape apple peach pear fig prolific imports Grapes fermented wine sacramental use again Criolla planted emerged winery Ranching raised Gabriel Arc ngel unknowingly witnessed origin citrus planting region’s significant orchard though commercial realized Olives cured pressed large wheels extract oil set aside Carmel gardens tobacco plants practice soon missions’ provide foodstuffs manufactured constant point contention fanegas barley shirts blankets garrisons requirements hard meet especially drought anticipated shipments port Blas failed arrive meticulous records reports submitted Father-Presidente summarizing material spiritual status Natives utilize primitive prepare field Livestock obtaining meat cultivating height prosperity collectively owned head mules burros goats swine All animals originally great flocks ranches created need class horsemen scarcely surpassed anywhere multiplied settler’s expectations overrunning pastures extending well-beyond domains giant cows climate extensive heavy price uncontrolled invasive exotic plant species quickly exhausted grasslands chaparral woodlands seed foliage bulb harvests grazing-overgrazing problems recognized periodically extermination parties cull kill thousands excess herd land’s capacity Years severe bakeries meals Candles grease ointments rendered animal fat vats just outside wing Also situated general dyeing tanning looms Large bodegas warehouses storage preserved treated Barbara’s lavander constructed Chumash fabricate local Workers carpinter carpentry shop crude shape beams lintels structural elements artisans carved doors furniture wooden implements For certain applications ladrillos fired ovens kilns strengthen resistant tejas roof tiles eventually replaced conventional jacal roofing densely packed placed harden Glazed ceramic pots dishes canisters knew bone seashells tool making weapons forth training skills mechanical arts care Everything consumed otherwise utilized thus supported foundry introduce Iron Age blacksmith California’s smelt fashion iron everything tools hardware nails crosses gates hinges even cannon defense commodity acquired solely neither know-how mine process metal ores No study complete mention systems Stone zanjas aqueducts spanning fresh nearby river spring Open covered lined ditches baked pipes joined lime mortar bitumen gravity-fed cisterns fountains emptied waterways force turn grinding machinery dispensed cleaning Water drinking trickle alternate layers sand remove impurities One best-preserved Barbara Beginning voyages Christopher Columbus Kingdom sought Nueva Espa Caribbean Southwestern United States facilitate colonization awarded Only V zquez Coronado Compostela February expedition Accompanied men-at-arms allies several African slaves he traveled southwestern present-day Kansas June Rodriguez Cabrillo Navidad sailed Unknown Sir Francis Drake privateer pillaged England full generation before landing Jamestown circumnavigation world anchored harbor north territory Queen Elizabeth I preserve uneasy peace avoid prospect threatening England’s ordered Drake’s discovery claim secret wasn’t monarchy Philip stimulated consider protect spurred ambitions Tsarist Russia expressed Vitus Bering represents high-water mark northernmost arose ever-expanding Realizing colonies literate cooperation network Christianity aimed tax-paying conquered productive inhabitants learn language vocational Christian Estimates pre-contact sources vary substantially separate tribes nations January Gaspar Portol forcibly expel operated Pope fifteen Visitador General G lvez leadership March closed consolidated Misi Fernando Velicat Visita Presentaci changed orders Occupy fortify Monterey Dominican concentrate Canyon Little Christians July sent Loreto explore Leader accompanied string peninsula connected spaced day’s travel second En mez Cresp across wherein young dying baby said mother’s breast girl suffering burns naming her Maria Magdalena older Margarita Crespi dubbed Cristianos continued northward missed Near reached northerly follow-up Rivera y Moncada violated ecclesiastical asylum removed ‘neophyte’ direct defiance Missionary Font described scene entered chapel drawn sword con desnuda en mano subsequently excommunicated actions turned clergy distributed amongst ten experience advanced Central Peru apparent associates acclimatization None attained self-sufficiency albeit modest financial financed Fondo Piadoso las Californias Pious Fund originated voluntary donations individuals Society Jesus enable propagate Faith Starting onset War Independence largely disappeared backbone Arguably worst epidemic Era one-quarter Bay Area related complications May Viceroy interrogatorio questionnaire disposition condition replies varied greatly length spirit value information contained therein collected prefaced statement abstract compilation thereupon forwarded viceregal contemporary nature responses incomplete biased may nonetheless considerable modern ethnologists Pablo Tac penned depicting wearing skirts twine feather decorations heads rattles hands perhaps southernmost Fort Ross krepost’ rus agricultural scientific fur-trading Sonoma County attacked Hip lito Bouchard pirate sailing flag Argentina Pirata Buchar locals conducting installations limited hearing attacks officials refuge chain’s isolated outpost Ironically ignored marauders ignominiously sacked vandalized entrusted securing church’s valuables decided limit reach Northern costs sustaining Solano aborted final arrived Mexican-born rather trained Apostolic College Our Lady Guadalupe Zacatecas Among Garc Moreno bishop Diocese Both bear brunt changes occupation allegations corruption republic matured calls disestablishment increased Mar Echeand elected issued Proclamation Emancipation Prevenci nes Emancipacion qualified freed eligible Those wished remain tutelage exempted forms punishment confident abilities operate farms independently doubted capabilities charges regard Accelerating immigration foreign pressure seize properties dispossess accordance a’s directive Despite fact emancipation met little encouragement populated southern determined test scheme scale appointed comisionados commissioners oversee passed legislation mandated expulsion younger sixty nevertheless intervened behalf prevent deportation law Figueroa office attempted intact Congress Act August liberal Valent Far expenses borne proceeds gained sale property private interests feel effects Decree Confiscation Nine Buenaventura succumb respectively thereafter abandoned taking almost plundered Former ranchos increasing spite neglect towns Dieguito Las Flores continue provision Gobernador partial conversion According estimate confiscation statewide dwindled natives’ exposure cloistering controlling sexuality child-bearing Territory experienced reduction resulting there Illuminated choir missals display P Jes Pico funds available He assembly pass decree authorizing renting reserving curate’s house courthouse should done secure Narciso Dur B rbara thereby repository original documents scattered archive library still remains founders uninterrupted presence writings Hubert Howe Bancroft center century journalist historian Fletcher Lummis criticized saying Disestablishment polite term robbery misrepresenting blow confiscated sold beggarly sums purposes starved noble adobes outspoken critic Anita Precise figures relating indigenes writer Gregory Orfalea percent takeover loss catastrophic Up leaving nearly half murder smallpox devastated jurisdiction Vallejo estimated Vallejo’s ally chief Sem-Yeto vaccinated survive When lost whatever protection afforded one-half stock movable accumulated stripped legal title appropriated President appoint Commissioners Wozencraft Redick McKee W Barbour situation negotiate treaties various Treaty negotiations ensued Commission interacted chiefs headmen representing one-third eighteen Senator William Gwin’s Public Land determine validity Archbishop J Alemany filed petitions Ownership acres km essentially cemeteries conveyed los Pinos comprising La Laguna Obispo consisting investigation reservations executive proclamation commissioner reported articles Population There Department Education’s Department’s elementary curriculum tradition revisionism alleged waters harsh Modern anthropologists cite cultural bias blinded plight negative opinions like influenza tuberculosis gonorrhea dysentery encounter th immunity impact cannot overstated parcel discarded foundation sub-missions nuclei metropolitan smaller municipalities clearing viability Western economies settle Westernize unfortunately expense Culture preceded Pal u presidente pro tempore Paula Pay ras Vicente Sarr Bernardo nchez Joaquin Jimeno Commissary Prefect residing Upper Lower Pur sima Concepci remained terms facto permanently relocated List horse mule trail journey horseback -mile -kilometer long Trail Heavy freight movement practical via Tradition sprinkled mustard yellow flowers old northwards Name Named Location St Didacus Louis France Oceanside John Archangel Ferdinand Bonaventure Ventura Agnes Solvang Immaculate Conception Southeast Lompoc Tolosa Toulouse Miguel Michael Antonio Padua Anthony Northwest Jolon Mary Solitude Bautista Baptist Exaltation Holy Cross Clara Clare Assisi Joseph Fremont Rafael Raphael Solanus Presidio garrisoned comandancias strategically functioned independent another south follows First District April Second Pueblo Reina ngeles Porci ncula Castillo Third Villa Branciforte Fourth Barracks collection guardhouses observation tower Commandante-General Frontier Mexico’s strategy halt incursions Army remaining fell ruins ongoing struggle increasingly heated lasted decades Originating feud Fages regarded institutions relationship persisted Dependent survival leaders adopted conflicting stances rights allocation supplies criminal propensities restored three-bell greatest well-preserved best-known element regions Most entity Three run auspices Four minor basilicas architectural importance mission-era Parks Recreation Seven National Landmarks fourteen listed Register Places Historical archaeological significance courtyard pepper Schinus molle visible arch Because artwork devotional didactic underlying reason surroundings graphically visitors objects artists gainful employment draftsmen map coastline border plot railroad routes drawings reproduced lithographs citation illustrator Henry Chapman Ford visiting twenty-one historically portfolio watercolors oils etchings His depictions revival interest heritage indirectly saw national publications books paintings popularity stemmed Helen Hunt Jackson’s novel Ramona subsequent Randolph Hearst Club Southern restore Pala wrote unless our intelligence shall awaken will piles nothing indeterminable heaps We deserve contempt thoughtful we suffer fall acknowledgement magnitude urgent further degradation exaggeration say human five-year delay author Steven McGroarty Play three-hour pageant describing ending ruin rear Great campo santo Today varying degrees integrity soundness extant include cases example current replicas Other true notable now-threatened retains murals Salinan Esteban Munras artist diplomat public damage Simeon earthquake Many reconstructed prominent consciousness steady stream tourists recognition Bush signed HR Preservation million Foundation projects preservation rehabilitation stabilization conservation art artifacts volunteer tax-exempt Richard Ameil eighth Californian change Constitution northeast City Scale replica Hills reservation history Anza Vieja Genocide undesirable neighbors thought scare enthusiasm conquests none Engelhardt hypothesis put Prent Duel Exemplified Xavier Del Bac date possessed passages case besieged difficult locate concealed Latter-day historians altogether prone hostility since disaster untold owing distance extreme difficulty maintaining communications victory strengthened impossible conquerors Puerto Bicu er Yuma ‘massacres’ Not responded portrayed Juane instance unrest uncommonly friendly docile area’s unarmed gentleness name poor us locality itself docility invited Over hills Coast Range valleys Sacramento Sierra Nevadas whom narrow strip Bennett singularly elevate civilize citizenship extended dissolved instead schemes comprehended friar taskmaster Arg ello slavery bestial declared ‘entrenchments monastic despotism’ civilization whole experiment failure Lippy reflecting concerns degree regimes legitimate enterprise viewed ‘frontier institution ‘ program That motives promote serve buffer main citadels theocracy subjected stood guardians duty acceptable subjects undertake seek existence compatible higher Bean decision prompted invariably begged dated papal bull Inter caetera Tordesillas formal acts exclusive colonize Hemisphere excluding Brazil applies refers specifically modern-day Leffingwell Ascensi Carmelite Vizca no’s surveyed fertile fish plentiful gold abundant convinced wealth strategic merited recommended letter Madrid involve personnel stated court aggression northwest wherefore contains smattering truth evident lvez’s Croix discussed advisability immediate word Cabrillo’s included Englishmen Thomas Cavendish Woodes Rogers Shelvocke James explorer Sebasti landfall famed conquistador Hern Cort explored Gulf pioneers blazed torch bullet Kroeber Caucasian contact wholly slighted statistics late disintegration numbers proceeded according determination strength arrival whites understanding account close relations manifest type density p localities populous centres vicinity unconverted groups Due rest delayed news operating gathered whereupon exile N xfeff Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton Christianitos Christiana Landmark Archived Wayback Machine evidently compliance instructions official requirement perfunctorily answers questions legacy versus Buenos Aires honored brave patriot remembered Hippolyte Hittell quite frequently sort barrier against Russians afterwards built b ‘spiritual conquest’ confined And possible prior alarming distressed started bay threatened domination Chinese opportunity Japanese concern Portuguese Dutch voyagers occasionally dangerous enemy disappearance defeat Years’ menace powerful outstanding Robinson cortes legislature affected apply enforced Zephyrin avowed Settlers numerous diminish slovenly indolent newcomer unfeelingly Yenne Spanish-born Boscana himself brother range continually seeking superstitions resemblances catch slightest hints magnify complicated dogmas corresponding afar insisted subservient conquest Recruited scum convicts jailbirds surprising guards leather-jacket guilty crimes counted obstacles progress wonder succeeded attracting Morrison centuries Nombre Dios Augustine Yunque Fe Thompson words falling frightful rapidity roofs breached gone walls melting winter rains Saunders Chase Kelsey Republic VQR Online www vqronline org Retrieved Duggan MC With Without Financing Before Review Vol pp doi phr Capron Presence Oakland Museum website downloaded Sept Harley Ruscin does Paddison Rawls Priests annual salary c d Carey McWilliams Island Marie Christine Beyond Slavery Institutional Status Pan-Borderlands Perspective Adaptation Negotiation Resistance Burns Johnson eds CA AAFH Closet Newcomb viii Krell fathers trust yet benefit xiv Lawson fanega pounds Grasslands Association Home Park Winship Flint Winter What Never Told You Expedition Kiva JSTOR Harry Rodr guez Marino Huntington Library Queen’s Pirate York Times Claims com Frost Orcutt ed Haven Connecticut Yale University Press ISBN Old Clerical Maynard Geiger cooperative imperial protective primarily execution E PhD MacMillan Company Hungry Souls Was Saint Commonweal magazine vi Milliken Nordlander Jones Bacich Damian Zacatecan Misunderstood Bolet Journal Studies Nos amp vol issuance premature do appease eyes Stern Miller Forbes garrison classes totaled iii Engelhard H works IV Calif L shown Corrected Reports Grants Complete supplement Official Report Patents McKanna per McCormack Brian Conjugal Violence Sex Sin Murder Communities OF Sexuality Project MUSE Johns Hopkins UP Web Feb Henderson Urbanism West Eugene Moehring Nevada Pg Colonization Impact Robert Jackson NM Place Time Story Purisima Concepti Service Vimeo video presentation Bill Advantage Publishers Group Should Be Preserved Overland Monthly XXIX Markham Edwin Wonderful Her Romantic Picturesque People Wild Shores Hearst’s International Inc Riesenberg Felix Golden Road McGraw-Hill numbered Neuerburg Mark Past Campaigns PDF gpo gov Ignatin Volume II Lowell Lawton Theoretical Ballena Banning Present Jewett Cleveland Ohio Sherburne Berkeley CS maint multiple names authors list link Heather Plan open Prop Barry Co Standard Printing Alexander Smith Elder Cornhill London Hispanic Biographical Dictionary Bruce Bernardino Theodore Wharton Brown Massachusetts Roger Conquistadores Legends Rockledge Enterprises Terry Kathryn Klar Linguistic Evidence Prehistoric Polynesia-Southern Contact Event Anthropological Linguistics Prehistory Complexity Altimira Landham Maryland extra text Pocket Interdisciplinary Research Altadena Dorothy Pictorial Sunset Publishing Corporation Menlo Alfred Record Publications Archaeology Ethnology Handbook Dover Randy Presidios Beauty Voyageur Stillwater Minnesota Bibliography Religion Mercer Macon Margolin Malcolm Way Lived Stories Songs Remembrances Heyday Vernon Race Homicide Nineteenth-Century Reno Randall Choice Disintegration Tribal Hugh Colonial Settlements Rexford David Tsar Brief Alaska Natural Anchorage AK Oakley Kenneth Relative Dating Arlington Springs Man Science Bibcode Sci science PMID Joshua Transformed Firsthand Accounts Gold Rush Encyclopedia Pre-Mission Changing Image Oklahoma Norman Memoirs Sunbelt Smeaton Houghton Mifflin Jean Gerald Romance Art Irvine Fruit Express Signature Wilton Character Curious Life Rediscovery Southwest Arcade Printed Stockdale Piccadilly Levick Chronicle LLC Baer Kurt Berger Putnam’s Sons Carillo Paisano Balboa Camphouse Guidebook Anderson Ritchie Simon Clifford Who Tau Making Sense CreateSpace Costo Rupert Jeannette genocide Historian OCLC Description Distant Roads Original Journals edited translated Alan K Crump Yesterdays Todays Trans-Anglo Drager Fracchia Dream Statehood Graphic Arts Center Portland Oregon Lane Book Moorhead Max Bastion Of Borderlands Interpretive Panorama Picture Weitze Karen Hennessy Ingalls Wright Ralph Ed Lowman Arroyo Grande ECPP Provides access registers Matrimonial Investigation Claremont Colleges Digital digitized searchable couple requesting Junipero Vatican Enslavement Theology Preview Fogel Daniel ISM Offers critical MissionTour Tom Simondi eText Gutenberg Founders Trails Faigin Highways Almanac GAzis-SAx Joel Wikimedia Commons media Dedicated Memory Tricia Anne Weber Album Views Souvenir Leslie Smyth Chicago Belford Visitors Guide Journey Along exhibit Sites Sketches Finding Aid Documents typescript Howser Huell Archive vteFranciscan Cortona Gertrudis Estancias Castaic Sena Ana portal vteSpanish AmericasNorth Gorda Yucatan Ajac Circular Conflicts Aztec Guatemala Yucat Anglo-Spanish Revolt Piracy Anne’s Jenkins’ Ear involvement Revolutionary Mixt Yaqui Wars Chichimeca Philippine revolts Acaxee Rebellion Moro conflict Acoma Massacre Tepehu Tzeltal Pima wars administrationHabsburg Joanna Castile Philp Bourbon reigned VI VII Viceroys Audiencias Guadalajara Captaincy Manila Santo Domingo Captancies Cuba Philippines Rico Provincias Internas Intendancy Havana Orleans Chiapas Comayagua Nicaragua Camag ey Santiago Guanajuato Valladolid Potos Veracruz Puebla Oaxaca Durango Sonora rida Politics Gobernaciones Adelantado Corregidor Cabildo Encomienda Treaties Zaragoza Peace Westphalia Ryswick Utrecht Breda Fontainebleau Paris Adams Notable provinces territoriesCities Xalapa Toluca Cuernavaca Morelia Acapulco Campeche 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