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Built-in Functions Python documentation Navigation index modules next previous Documentation The Standard Library interpreter has a number of functions and types built into it that are always available They listed here in alphabetical order span class pre abs delattr hash memoryview set all dict help min setattr any dir hex slice ascii divmod id object sorted bin enumerate input oct staticmethod bool eval int open str breakpoint exec isinstance ord sum bytearray filter issubclass pow super bytes float iter print tuple callable format len property type chr frozenset list range vars classmethod getattr locals repr zip compile globals map reversed import complex hasattr max round x Return the absolute value argument may be an integer floating point or implementing If is its magnitude returned iterable True if elements true empty Equivalent to def for element not return False As string containing printable representation but escape non-ASCII characters by using u U escapes This generates similar Convert binary prefixed with b result valid expression define method returns Some examples gt – prefix desired you can use either following ways f See also more information Boolean i e one converted standard truth testing procedure false omitted this otherwise subclass see Numeric Types It cannot subclassed further Its only instances Values Changed version now positional-only parameter args kws function drops debugger at call site Specifically calls sys breakpointhook passing straight through By default pdb trace expecting no arguments In case purely convenience so don t have explicitly as much code enter However some other will automatically allowing drop choice Raises auditing event builtins New source encoding errors new array mutable sequence integers lt most usual methods sequences described Mutable Sequence well Bytes Bytearray Operations optional used initialize few different must give optionally parameters then converts encode size initialized null conforming buffer interface read-only which initial contents Without created Binary Objects immutable same non-mutating indexing slicing behavior Accordingly constructor interpreted objects literals String appears still possible fails calling never succeed Note classes instance their was first removed brought back representing character whose Unicode For example ‘a’ while ‘ inverse from FFFF base ValueError raised outside Transform A receives implicit just like To declare idiom C cls arg form decorator Function definitions details called on such ignored except derived passed implied Class than Java static want those section hierarchy wrap descriptors filename mode flags dont inherit optimize Compile AST Code executed normal byte Refer ast module how work should file read pass recognizable wasn commonly specifies what kind compiled ‘exec’ consists statements ‘eval’ single ‘single’ interactive statement latter evaluate something None printed control compiler options activated future features allowed neither present both zero affect given specified addition would anyway non-zero surrounding Compiler bits bitwise ORed together specify multiple bitfield required feature found flag attribute Feature PyCF optimization level selects -O Explicit levels debug asserts docstrings too raises SyntaxError invalid contains parse compilation p When compiling multi-line terminated least newline facilitate detection incomplete complete Warning crash sufficiently large when due stack depth limitations s Allowed Windows Mac newlines Also does end anymore Added Previously TypeError were encountered ALLOW TOP LEVEL AWAIT enable support top-level await async real imag j convert without second Each numeric including defaults serves conversion general delegates defined falls converting contain whitespace around central operator j’ fine Grouping digits underscores Falls name relative attributes deletes named provided allows ‘foobar’ equivalent del foobar kwarg mapping Create dictionary Mapping about containers built-in collections names current local scope With attempt implement custom getattribute customize way reports provide tries best gather resulting necessarily inaccurate mechanism behaves differently attempts produce relevant rather recursively bases Otherwise alphabetically struct show namespace Struct cached doc initializing loader package clearcache calcsize error pack unpack Shape self area perimeter location Because supplied primarily prompt supply interesting rigorously consistently detailed change across releases metaclass Take two non numbers pair consisting quotient remainder division mixed operand rules arithmetic operators apply q where usually math floor less very close sign start iterator supports iteration count values obtained iterating over seasons Spring Summer Fall Winter n elem yield parsed evaluated technically speaking condition dictionaries global key reference inserted under before means normally full access restricted environments propagated environment nested scopes non-locals enclosing Syntax reported exceptions Example execute arbitrary instead been Hints dynamic execution supported respectively useful literal safely strings expressions events suite unless syntax occurs simply cases expected File Reference Manual Be aware even within context parts variables they Remember gets separate embedded definition That inserting your own third act below modifications attempted Pass explicit need effects after Construct container identity assumed generator item itertools filterfalse complementary constructed decimal preceded ‘-‘ effect produced NaN not-a-number positive negative infinity More precisely conform grammar leading trailing quot Infinity inf nan floatnumber Here floating-point Floating Case significant Inf INFINITY iNfINity acceptable spellings precision OverflowError Examples e- E -Infinity -inf spec formatted controlled interpretation depend however there formatting Format Specification Mini-Language gives translated bypasses searching exception search reaches non-empty taken Set exist AttributeError symbol table inside implemented seeing whether Hash quickly compare keys during lookup equal note truncates based bit width host machine Invoke system intended starts console looked up keyword topic page generated slash invoking prior info FAQ entry added Changes pydoc inspect mean signatures callables comprehensive consistent lowercase hexadecimal xff uppercase lower X ff FF obtain guaranteed unique constant lifetime Two non-overlapping lifetimes CPython implementation detail address memory written output reads line stripping EOF EOFError — Monty Flying Circus readline loaded elaborate editing history reading successfully defines trunc towards radix Optionally space between surrounded base-n n- z Z having Base- B o O Base interpret exactly actual legal Previous versions classinfo direct indirect virtual thereof tuples considered itself every checked sentinel depending presence collection protocol getitem starting protocols each StopIteration Iterator One application build block-reader fixed-width blocks database until reached functools partial mydata db rb block process length items frozen lengths larger maxsize Rather being actually documented Lists Update Free modified changes free applies yielding results additional take many applied iterables parallel stops shortest exhausted inputs already arranged starmap largest positional There keyword-only one-argument ordering sort maximal sort-stability preserving tools keyfunc reverse heapq nlargest obj view Memory Views smallest minimal nsmallest Retrieve featureless common accept assign octal ‘r’ buffering closefd opener Open corresponding opened OSError Reading Writing Files path-like giving pathname working directory descriptor wrapped closed I text Other ‘w’ writing truncating exists ‘x’ exclusive creation appending Unix systems writes append regardless seek position platform dependent locale getpreferredencoding get raw leave unspecified modes Character Meaning failing ‘b’ ‘t’ updating synonym ‘rt’ Modes ‘w b’ truncate ‘r truncation mentioned Overview distinguishes decoding included decoded platform-dependent permitted ‘U’ longer deprecated previously enabled universal became behaviour doesn underlying operating notion files processing done therefore platform-independent policy switch off select usable indicate fixed-size chunk works follows buffered chunks chosen heuristic trying determine device falling io DEFAULT BUFFER SIZE On typically long Interactive isatty above decode whatever codecs encodings handled variety handlers Error Handlers though handling registered register include ‘strict’ raise ‘ignore’ ignores ignoring lead data loss ‘replace’ causes replacement marker malformed ‘surrogateescape’ represent incorrect points Private Use Area ranging DC DCFF These private turned surrogateescape handler unknown ‘xmlcharrefreplace’ Characters replaced appropriate XML amp nnn ‘backslashreplace’ replaces backslashed ‘namereplace’ unsupported N controls ” n’ r’ r stream Lines these caller endings untranslated lines ending separator os linesep translation takes place kept functionality newly non-inheritable uses fd somedir RDONLY path spamspam txt w leak depends ‘wt’ etc TextIOBase specifically TextIOWrapper BufferedIOBase exact varies BufferedReader write BufferedWriter BufferedRandom disabled RawIOBase FileIO fileinput declared tempfile shutil inferred original IOError alias FileExistsError Deprecated since interrupted signal retries raising InterruptedError PEP rationale Support PathLike opening c Given Euro exp mod power modulo computed efficiently two-argument coercion operands delivered nonzero relatively prime inv -exp computing three-argument permitting computation modular inverses Allow Formerly sep stdout flush Print separated followed All non-keyword Both Since Whether determined forcibly flushed fget fset fdel getting setting deleting And creates docstring typical managed init getx setx delx m invoke getter setter deleter copy makes create properties easily Parrot voltage Get turns sets decorators accessor decorated explained sure writeable stop step Ranges enclosed angle brackets often defining seq ndigits rounded nearest supporting closest minus multiples equally rounding toward Any floats surprising bug fact fractions represented Point Arithmetic Issues Limitations counterpart existing assigns indices Slice merely Numerical party extensions extended islice alternate Has extract comparison directly boolean cmp old-style stable guarantees helpful sorting passes department salary grade brief tutorial Sorting HOW TO receive Static variant creating constructors Like regular do needed body avoid automatic transformation builtin b” ‘utf- Text Type Sums left right total good alternatives preferred fast concatenate join add fsum series consider chain object-or-type proxy parent sibling accessing inherited overridden determines resolution searched mro D searches lists whenever inheritance updated unbound classmethods refer naming them thus making maintainable closely parallels programming languages cooperative statically diamond diagrams Good design dictates signature because runtime adapts superclass looks thing lookups part binding dotted predictable undefined aside limited references fills necessary correctly retrieve ordinary practical suggestions guide Tuples generally recommended subclasses account three essentially becomes itemizes copied become identical Subclasses override updateable restrictions MappingProxyType prevent updates acts slots Make aggregates Returns i-th -tuples ABCD xy Ax iterators left-to-right evaluation clustering n-length groups repeats times dividing unequal care unmatched important longest conjunction unzip y zipped fromlist advanced everyday unlike importlib invoked importing assigning semantics doing strongly discouraged simpler hooks attain goals cause issues assumes Direct favor imports potentially submodules imported perform Positive directories variable till dot spam bytecode resembling ham toplevel bound hand eggs sausage saus temp From retrieved assigned respective Negative command -E -I PYTHONCASEOK Footnotes parser accepts Unix-style convention make Mac-style Introduction Next Constants Page Report Bug Show Source Copyright Software Foundation non-profit corporation Please donate Last Nov Found Created Sphinx