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List of mathematical symbols – Wikipedia From the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation search This article is in course a major restructuring The tables will be replaced by glossaries and structure sections renewed see Talk WP TNT must applied this A symbol figure or combination figures that used represent object an action on objects relation between for structuring other occur formula As formulas are entierely constitued with various types many needed expressing all mathematics most basic decimal digits letters Latin alphabet representing numbers through Hindu Arabic numeral system Historically upper-case were points geometry lower-case variables constants Letters sort number these sorts has dramatically increased modern Greek some Hebrew also In standard typeface italic type upright upper case For having more typefaces mainly boldface b B x displaystyle mathbf ldots script mathcal face rarely because possible confusion German fraktur mathfrak blackboard bold N Z R C mathbb their use controversial as numerical not described uses Variable sufficient need mathematicians Some take origin punctuation marks diacritics traditionally typography Other such have been specially designed often deforming forall Most two printed versions They can displayed Unicode characters LaTeX format With version using engines copy-pasting easier On hand rendering generally much better aesthetic Therefore when labelling entry LaTex description So finding how it suffices look at source Contents Arithmetic operators Equality equivalence similarity Comparison Brackets Parentheses Square brackets Braces Set theory Basic logic Blackboard Operators acting functions sequences Infinite Abbreviation English phrases logical Miscellaneous Modifiers superscripts See References External links Denotes addition read plus example Sometimes instead sqcup disjoint union sets subtraction minus additive inverse opposite Also place denoting set-theoretic complement elementary arithmetic denotes multiplication times linear algebra cross product set category Cartesian direct dot Placeholder replacing indeterminate element absolute value denoted clearer than saying either sign range values measured quatity may unknown lies Used paired if Widely division anglophone countries no longer common its recommended indicate divided over Often horizontal bar frac quotient group etc field F E extension where probability conditional P given occurs square root Rarely without delimiting width argument next item integer greater left superscript n th equality naming sentence like let expression blackbord texts abbreviated d e f stackrel mathrm def related concept assignment computer science which variously depending programming language leftarrow inequality means equal Means approximatively Between meaning same order magnitude asymptotic matrix geometric shapes Standard notation identity true whichever occurring specifically modular congruence modulo cong May denote isomorphism structures isomorphic up displacement congruent lt Strict less Commonly any strict groups mean first one proper subgroup second gt That equivalent Mean Generally formally defined but lesser quantity neglected respect smaller several orders measure BC BD mu ll nu absolutely continuous synonym Despite easy authors different preorder would confusing convenient Many There meanings depend only nature arrangement what delimited them sometimes appear after reason titles schematizing syntax underlies specifying sub-expression parentheses considered single entity typically operations Functional FB Box name function sin y multivariate contain expressions separated commas c When context distinguish ones ordered pair pi If real infty then open interval alternative integers greatest divisor Notation gcd z vectors scalar triple citation tuple there infinite sequence EF EE begin pmatrix amp cdots vdots ddots end binom binomial coefficient Given nonnegative k choose n- n-k cdot conventionally Using left-hand-side avoiding nested Equivalence class Integral part integral truncation obtained removing mark variants floor ceiling Iverson bracket predicate takes otherwise Kronecker delta equals zero Image subset S domain image commonly Closed leq closed Commutator belong ab ring ab-ba Lie operation Degree degree bmatrix Set-builder empty emptyset singleton whose elements listen braces variable both mid formed Single brace emphasizing equations simultaneous textstyle cases x-y Piecewise definition xA text geq -x grouped annotation DF underbrace DE overbrace m rows right Absolute complex Number cardinality Length line segment Q Euclidean space PQ length they define distance from vmatrix determinant norm normed vector Floor lfloor rfloor largest Ceil lceil rceil smallest Nearest closest Open Interval Both notations left-open right-open Generated algebraic langle rangle generated s writes omitted particular span Span ideal submodule module physics expected X inner Bra ket Dirac covector written set-builder membership belongs notin AC neg inclusion However slightly definitions It seems recent since allows distinction possibly every D Rightarrow neq land subseteq subsetneq preceding operands reverted supset cup together lor intersection cap difference setminus A-B subscript Without U implicitely contains under consideration called universe discourse pairs underlying equipped rings topological spaces simply generalization concepts renamed belonging coprod Alternative coproduct Several widely listed here negation evaluates false clarity word languages keyboard predicates lattice join least bound topology wedge sum pointed meet lower multilinear multivariable calculus exterior universal quantification xE improperly plain abbreviation existential exists uniqueness xP exactly words material implies Thus logically Leftrightarrow thus systems These corresponding uppercase letter clear advantage cannot confused anything else area recall encounter combinatorics should immediately know although does study proofs finite terms determined underscripts i j j-i series convergent antiderivative int dx definite -a curve r t r’ dt parametrization integrals Similar oint surface infinity summation computation unlimited Similarly limited toward negative generalized added forming extended projectively continuum ordinal aleph cardinal natural beth limit omega identified ordinals exponent computational complexity Written another comparing growth Big O Related prime distinct factors section reasoning abbreviations inside classical indicating dependence sentences Except normally readability still black board relationships marking proof separating current initialism QED quod erat demonstrandum purprose form therefore Placed assertions All humans mortal Socrates human implied positive itself ni reverting proportional Symbol HTML TeX Name Explanation Examples Read Category factorial arrow Y maps into Let mapsto successor Converse implication propositions converse reads operator ast convolution convolved functional analysis g Different conjugate below Can lowast tau t- Hodge star dual v k-vector within n-dimensional oriented quadratic -vector basis event uniformly random day year restriction restricted dom agrees injective so everywhere nmid divides divide difficult rare regular shorter vertical character Since parallel l sharp size above connected knot composition manifolds knots stronger condition Sm homeomorphic manifold sphere primorial even extends K index H G relative equivalently copies cosets fill dividing wr wreath automorphism complete bipartite graph vertices oplus BB veebar exclusive xor propositional Boolean statement always abstract special way combining general bun V W following consequence D’Alembertian wave non-Euclidean Laplacian generalisation Laplace sense differential invariant isometry reduces time independent partial derivative xi xn xy boundary M polynomial deg circ odot Hadamard entrywise elementwise circled matrices dimensions composed top interest subtype T Tautology verum unconditionally bot Contradiction bottom falsum falsity perpendicular orthogonal plane perp subspace Within coprime factor double purpose instance command comparability comparable containment otimes tensor modules ltimes CA rtimes semidirect normal said split round semijoin relational relations tuples attribute names Pi bowtie combinations AF overline overbar statistics average model closure rational cl Cl dense hat unit pronounced normalized estimator theta estimate parameter produces sample ‘ point slope tangent single-quote especially ASCII units consists along aligned hyperreal hyperreals non-standard hypernatural Kleene Corresponds usage strings created concatenating members string multiple member ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘c’ includes ” ‘ab’ ‘aba’ ‘abac’ full enumerated countably each individual dagger transpose adjoint Hermitian AT aij aji mathsf swapped columns At Atr Galois Field p unique GF known last ambiguous popular elliptic Curve computed quaternions Hamiltonian choice depends being studied theorists prefer latter analysts scientists former To avoid check author’s including ordering big-oh Computational describes limiting behavior tends towards mbox row table rationals q Qp p-adic p-adics reals others Zn Zp mod Note Gamma z- qquad Re lim pt -e hyperfunction ij Differential varphi x’ dx’ varepsilon -F epsilon rho r-r’ vartriangle ominus symmetric Not Delta change non-infinitesimal becomes infinitesimal tfrac gradient straight twice-differentiable real-valued nabla del derivatives divergence vec yz curl -y prime-counting counts projection Projection restricts Age Weight Person Homotopy nth homotopy classes base preserving i- prod dots -tuples yn dd sigma deviation population spread variation sqrt dfrac Sigma subject Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block Table introduction date Usage Letterlike Lists Supplemental Math Technical Arrow Arrows ISO signs physical sciences technology Forms Geometric Shapes Diacritic Language Typographical conventions APL engineering Physical formulae Section Operations Rutherford Vector Methods University Texts Oliver Boyd Ltd Edinburgh What circle Goldrei Derek Classic Theory Chapman Hall ISBN Nielsen Michael Chuang Isaac L Quantum Computation Information Cambridge Press pp OCLC Wolfram MathWorld Turner Budden J Knighton Advanced unified Longman Jeff Miller Earliest Uses Various Numericana Scientific Icons GIF PNG Images Detexify Handwriting Recognition Tool charts Index Range FF AFF Supplementary cross-references Short list Comprehensive MathML Characters out page Postscript code Ghostscript Retrieved https en wikipedia org w php title oldid Categories notationMathematics-related listsMathematical symbolsMathematical tablesMathematical logicLists symbolsHidden categories semi-protected pagesArticles short descriptionShort WikidataAll articles unsourced statementsArticles statements November Pages deprecated math tags Navigation menu Personal tools logged inTalkContributionsCreate 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